Joblet is a micro-container runtime for running Linux jobs with: Process and filesystem isolation (PID namespace, chroot) Fine-grained CPU, memory, and IO throttling (cgroups v2) Secure job execution with mTLS and RBAC Built-in scheduler, SSE log streaming, and multi-core pinning Ideal for: Agentic AI Workloads (Untrusted code)
Comprehensive security guide for Joblet deployment, covering mTLS authentication, authorization, isolation, and best practices.
Joblet implements multi-layered security:
flowchart TD
N1["Transport Layer<br/>mTLS + Certificate Auth"]
N2["Authorization Layer<br/>RBAC (admin/maintainer/developer/reader)"]
N3["Process Isolation<br/>Namespaces + cgroups + chroot"]
N4["Network Isolation<br/>Custom networks + traffic"]
N5["Filesystem Isolation<br/>Per-job workspaces + volumes"]
N1 --- N2 --- N3 --- N4 --- N5
Joblet uses mutual TLS (mTLS) for secure communication:
# Generate CA and certificates
export JOBLET_SERVER_ADDRESS='192.168.1.100'
sudo /usr/local/bin/certs_gen_embedded.sh
This creates:
The script writes the operator’s rnx-config.yml (all roles, admin key included, keep it on the server) and one
rnx-config-<role>.yml per role for distribution. Give each party only its role’s file. The AWS variant
(certs_gen_with_secretsmanager.sh) produces the same files and also stores each role’s certificate pair in Secrets
Manager as joblet/client-cert-<role> and joblet/client-key-<role>; scope each client’s IAM policy to its role’s
secrets. The unsuffixed joblet/client-cert and joblet/client-key names hold the admin pair.
flowchart TD
N1["Certificate Authority (CA)"] --> N2["Server Certificate (CN=joblet)"]
N1 --> N3["Client Certificates"]
N2 --> N4["Used by Joblet daemon"]
N2 --> N5["Validates server identity"]
N3 --> N6["Admin Certificate (OU=admin)"]
N3 --> N7["Maintainer Certificate (OU=maintainer)"]
N3 --> N8["Developer Certificate (OU=developer)"]
N3 --> N9["Reader Certificate (OU=reader)"]
N6 --> N10["Every operation, including removals"]
N7 --> N11["Provision infrastructure + run jobs"]
N8 --> N12["Run jobs on existing infrastructure"]
N9 --> N13["Read-only access"]
# 1. Create CA
openssl genrsa -out ca-key.pem 4096
openssl req -new -x509 -key ca-key.pem -out ca-cert.pem -days 3650 \
-subj "/CN=Joblet CA"
# 2. Server certificate (CN must be "joblet")
openssl genrsa -out server-key.pem 4096
openssl req -new -key server-key.pem -out server.csr \
-subj "/CN=joblet"
openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem \
-out server-cert.pem -days 365 -CAcreateserial \
-extensions v3_req -extfile <(echo "[v3_req]
subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:joblet,IP:127.0.0.1,IP:${SERVER_IP}")
# 3. Client certificates (one per role; the OU field carries the role)
for role in admin maintainer developer reader; do
openssl genrsa -out ${role}-key.pem 4096
openssl req -new -key ${role}-key.pem -out ${role}.csr \
-subj "/CN=${role}-client/OU=${role}"
openssl x509 -req -in ${role}.csr -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem \
-out ${role}-cert.pem -days 365 -CAcreateserial
done
# 1. Generate new certificates
sudo /usr/local/bin/certs_gen_embedded.sh
# 2. Update server configuration
sudo systemctl restart joblet
# 3. Distribute new client certificates
scp /opt/joblet/config/rnx-config.yml client:~/.rnx/
# 4. Verify new certificates
rnx job list # Should work with new certs
# Server configuration (joblet-config.yml)
security:
# TLS settings
tls:
enabled: true
min_version: "1.3"
cipher_suites:
- TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
# Certificate verification
require_client_cert: true
verify_client_cert: true
# Certificate embedded in config
serverCert: |
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
serverKey: |
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
...
caCert: |
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
Joblet reads the client’s role from the certificate Organizational Unit (OU) field (case-insensitive):
| Role | OU Value | Permissions |
|---|---|---|
| Admin | admin |
Every operation, including removing runtimes, networks, and volumes |
| Maintainer | maintainer |
Provisions infrastructure (builds runtimes, validates runtime YAML, creates networks and volumes) and everything a developer can do |
| Developer | developer |
Runs, stops, and deletes jobs, tests runtimes, and reads everything. Cannot change infrastructure |
| Reader | reader |
Reads only: jobs, logs, status, resource listings, and metrics. Meant for dashboards and reporting |
Issue maintainer certificates to CI/CD service accounts: they can provision what their pipelines need but can never
remove shared infrastructure. Certificates carrying the older viewer OU keep working and behave as reader. Any
other OU is denied everything, and a certificate carrying more than one role OU gets the least privileged of them.
| Service | Operation | Admin | Maintainer | Developer | Reader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JobService | RunJob | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| JobService | StopJob | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| JobService | DeleteJob, DeleteAllJobs | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| JobService | GetJobStatus, ListJobs, log/status streams | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| RuntimeService | ListRuntimes, GetRuntimeInfo | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| RuntimeService | TestRuntime | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| RuntimeService | BuildRuntime, ValidateRuntimeYAML | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| RuntimeService | RemoveRuntime | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
| NetworkService | ListNetworks | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| NetworkService | CreateNetwork | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| NetworkService | RemoveNetwork | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
| VolumeService | ListVolumes | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| VolumeService | CreateVolume | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| VolumeService | RemoveVolume | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
| MonitoringService | GetSystemStatus, StreamSystemMetrics | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Persist | Query historical logs/metrics | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Monitoring endpoints go through the same authorization as everything else: a valid certificate alone is not enough; it must carry a recognized role.
# Every operation, including removal of shared infrastructure
rnx runtime remove openjdk-21
rnx network remove old-net
rnx volume remove old-vol
# Plus everything maintainer, developer, and reader can do
# Infrastructure provisioning (allowed)
rnx runtime build ./examples/java-21/runtime.yaml
rnx runtime validate ./examples/java-21/runtime.yaml
rnx network create ci-net --cidr=10.1.0.0/24
rnx volume create ci-vol --size=1GB
# Plus everything developer can do
# Removal of shared infrastructure (denied)
rnx runtime remove openjdk-21 # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx network remove ci-net # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx volume remove ci-vol # ERROR: Permission denied
# Job execution on existing infrastructure (allowed)
rnx job run echo "Developers can run jobs"
rnx job stop <job-id>
rnx job delete <job-id>
rnx runtime test openjdk-21
# Plus all read access
# Infrastructure changes (denied)
rnx runtime build ./runtime.yaml # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx network create dev-net # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx volume create dev-vol # ERROR: Permission denied
# Read-only operations (allowed)
rnx job list
rnx job status <job-id>
rnx job log <job-id>
rnx runtime list
rnx network list
rnx volume list
rnx monitor status
# Create, execute, and delete operations (denied)
rnx job run echo "test" # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx job stop <job-id> # ERROR: Permission denied
rnx volume create test # ERROR: Permission denied
# Generate certificates for different users
# DevOps team (admin access)
openssl req -new -key devops-key.pem -out devops.csr \
-subj "/CN=devops-team/OU=admin"
# CI/CD service account (maintainer access)
openssl req -new -key cicd-key.pem -out cicd.csr \
-subj "/CN=cicd-pipeline/OU=maintainer"
# Developers (developer access)
openssl req -new -key dev-key.pem -out dev.csr \
-subj "/CN=developer/OU=developer"
# Reporting/observability (reader access)
openssl req -new -key report-key.pem -out report.csr \
-subj "/CN=reporting/OU=reader"
# Sign all certificates with CA
for cert in devops cicd dev report; do
openssl x509 -req -in ${cert}.csr -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem \
-out ${cert}-cert.pem -days 365 -CAcreateserial
done
Joblet implements automatic isolation based on which API service initiates jobs:
# Production Jobs (JobService API) - Minimal Chroot
rnx job run echo "Hello World" # Uses minimal chroot isolation
rnx job run --runtime=java:21 java App # Secure runtime mounting
# Runtime Build Jobs (RuntimeService API) - Builder Chroot
rnx runtime build ./examples/java-21/runtime.yaml # Uses builder chroot with host OS access
Isolation Routing:
flowchart TD
N1["JobService API"] --> N2["JobType: standard"]
N2 --> N3["Minimal Chroot<br/>- Production isolation<br/>- Secure runtime mounts<br/>- No package managers"]
N4["RuntimeService API"] --> N5["JobType: runtime-build"]
N5 --> N6["Builder Chroot<br/>- Controlled host access<br/>- Runtime building tools<br/>- Temporary modifications"]
# Minimal filesystem access
rnx job run ls / # Limited directories
rnx job run which apt # Command not found
rnx job run ls /opt/joblet # No access to joblet internals
# Controlled host OS access (ONLY during runtime building)
# - Full host filesystem via OverlayFS (host root is a read-only lower layer)
# - Writes are captured in an upper layer; the host filesystem is never modified
# - Package managers available (runtime builds share host networking)
# - Automatic cleanup creates isolated runtime structure
Both job types use identical namespace isolation:
# PID namespace - process isolation
rnx job run ps aux # Only sees job processes
# Mount namespace - filesystem isolation
rnx job run mount # Shows only job-specific mounts
# Network namespace - network isolation
rnx job run ip addr show # Shows only job network interface
# IPC namespace - inter-process communication isolation
rnx job run ipcs # No shared memory/semaphores from host
# UTS namespace - hostname isolation
rnx job run hostname # Job-specific hostname
# Cgroup namespace - resource telematics
rnx job run cat /proc/cgroups # Limited cgroup view
Joblet prevents host filesystem exposure through runtime cleanup:
# BEFORE cleanup (INSECURE): Runtime mounts point to host OS paths
# runtime.yml contained:
# - source: "usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64" # HOST PATH!
# AFTER cleanup (SECURE): Runtime mounts point to isolated copies
# runtime.yml contains:
# - source: "isolated/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64" # ISOLATED COPY
# Production jobs using runtimes are completely isolated
rnx job run --runtime=java:21 find /usr -type f | head -5
# Only shows isolated runtime files, not host OS files
Runtime Directory Structure:
/opt/joblet/runtimes/openjdk-21/1.0.0/
├── isolated/ # Self-contained runtime files
│ ├── usr/lib/jvm/ # Copied from host during build
│ ├── usr/bin/ # Runtime binaries (isolated)
│ └── etc/ssl/certs/ # Certificates (isolated)
├── runtime.yml # Uses isolated/ paths only
└── runtime.yml.original # Backup for audit
# Jobs run as unprivileged user
rnx job run id
# Output: uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nogroup)
# No sudo/setuid capabilities
rnx job run sudo echo "test" # Command not found
# Limited filesystem access
rnx job run ls /root # Permission denied
rnx job run ls /etc/shadow # Permission denied
Note: Runtime-build jobs (e.g., rnx runtime build) are an exception and run as root to allow package
installation via apt. Standard jobs submitted via rnx job run always run as the unprivileged nobody user.
# Prevent fork bombs
rnx job run --max-cpu=100 :(){ :|:& };: # Limited by CPU quota
# Prevent memory exhaustion
rnx job run --max-memory=512 bash -c 'a=(); while true; do a+=($a); done' # Killed by OOM
# Prevent I/O attacks
rnx job run --max-iobps=1048576 dd if=/dev/zero of=/work/attack bs=1M # Limited bandwidth
# Create isolated networks for different security zones
rnx network create dmz --cidr=10.1.0.0/24 # Public-facing
rnx network create internal --cidr=10.2.0.0/24 # Internal services
rnx network create secure --cidr=10.3.0.0/24 # Sensitive data
# Jobs in different networks cannot communicate
rnx job run --network=dmz ping 10.2.0.1 # Will fail
rnx job run --network=internal ping 10.3.0.1 # Will fail
# No network access for sensitive processing
rnx job run --network=none --volume=sensitive-data \
python process_classified.py
# Limited network access
rnx job run --network=internal --volume=app-data \
python internal_service.py
# Full internet access (carefully controlled)
rnx job run --network=bridge \
curl https://api.trusted-service.com
# Limit bandwidth to prevent data exfiltration
rnx job run --max-iobps=1048576 --network=bridge \
curl https://malicious-site.com # Limited to 1MB/s
# Monitor network usage
rnx job run --network=monitored iftop
# 1. Create encrypted volume
rnx volume create encrypted-data --size=10GB
# 2. Encrypt data before storage
rnx job run --volume=encrypted-data bash -c '
echo "sensitive information" | \
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -k "$ENCRYPTION_KEY" \
> /volumes/encrypted-data/secret.enc
'
# 3. Decrypt only when needed
rnx job run --volume=encrypted-data --env=ENCRYPTION_KEY=xxx bash -c '
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -k "$ENCRYPTION_KEY" \
< /volumes/encrypted-data/secret.enc
'
# Avoid embedding secrets in commands (BAD)
rnx job run curl -H "Authorization: Bearer secret123" api.com
# Use environment variables (BETTER)
rnx job run --env=API_TOKEN=secret123 \
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer \$API_TOKEN" api.com
# Use volume-based secrets (BEST)
echo "secret123" | rnx job run --volume=secrets bash -c '
cat > /volumes/secrets/api-token
chmod 600 /volumes/secrets/api-token
'
rnx job run --volume=secrets bash -c '
API_TOKEN=$(cat /volumes/secrets/api-token)
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" api.com
'
# Public data - no restrictions
rnx job run --network=bridge --volume=public-data \
wget https://public-dataset.com/data.csv
# Internal data - network restrictions
rnx job run --network=internal --volume=internal-data \
python process_internal.py
# Confidential data - maximum isolation
rnx job run --network=none --volume=confidential-data \
python process_confidential.py
# Secret data - encrypted storage
rnx job run --network=none --volume=encrypted-secrets \
--env=DECRYPT_KEY=xxx \
python process_secrets.py
# 1. Minimal server installation
sudo apt install --no-install-recommends joblet
# 2. Disable unnecessary services
sudo systemctl disable apache2 nginx mysql
# 3. Configure firewall
sudo ufw allow 50051/tcp # Joblet port only
sudo ufw enable
# 4. Regular updates
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
# 5. Secure SSH
# /etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin no
PasswordAuthentication no
ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
# Secure server configuration
server:
tls:
enabled: true
min_version: "1.3"
joblet:
# Validate all commands
validateCommands: true
allowedCommands:
- python3
- node
- bash
- sh
# Conservative limits
maxConcurrentJobs: 50
jobTimeout: "1h"
defaultMemoryLimit: 1024
security:
require_client_cert: true
verify_client_cert: true
Note on what is and isn’t configurable:
security.enable_rbac setting to turn
it off.nobody) before the command executes, so a setuid binary in the chroot cannot elevate them. Joblet does not
currently apply nosuid/nodev/noexec mount flags (the constants are defined in the codebase but not used in any
mount call), and there is no process.allow_setuid, process.default_user, or filesystem.readonly_rootfs setting.security.audit.* keys shown in earlier revisions of
this guide are not implemented. Use standard logging plus your host’s audit tooling instead.# Secure configuration files
sudo chmod 600 /opt/joblet/config/joblet-config.yml
sudo chown root:root /opt/joblet/config/joblet-config.yml
# Secure certificates
sudo chmod 600 /opt/joblet/certs/*.pem
sudo chown root:root /opt/joblet/certs/*.pem
# Secure log files
sudo chmod 640 /var/log/joblet/*.log
sudo chown root:joblet /var/log/joblet/*.log
Illustrative. The
security.audit.*block below is not a supported configuration subsystem - Joblet does not read these keys. Joblet writes operational logs (the daemon logs authorization decisions and job lifecycle events); route those to a file or syslog with your host’s logging stack rather than expecting a built-in audit config.
# Enable comprehensive logging
logging:
level: "info"
format: "json"
# Security-focused logging
outputs:
- type: "file"
path: "/var/log/joblet/security.log"
filter: "security"
- type: "syslog"
facility: "auth"
# NOTE: the security.audit.* keys below are aspirational and NOT read by Joblet
security:
audit:
enabled: true
log_file: "/var/log/joblet/audit.log"
log_successful_auth: true
log_failed_auth: true
log_job_operations: true
log_admin_operations: true
# Monitor failed authentication attempts
sudo tail -f /var/log/joblet/audit.log | grep "auth_failed"
# Monitor admin operations
sudo tail -f /var/log/joblet/audit.log | grep "admin_operation"
# Monitor unusual job patterns
sudo tail -f /var/log/joblet/audit.log | jq 'select(.job_count > 100)'
# Monitor resource usage spikes
rnx monitor --json | jq 'select(.cpu_usage > 90 or .memory_usage > 90)'
# Create monitoring script
cat > security_monitor.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
# Monitor for security events
# Check for multiple failed auth attempts
FAILED_AUTH=$(grep -c "auth_failed" /var/log/joblet/audit.log | tail -100)
if [ $FAILED_AUTH -gt 10 ]; then
echo "ALERT: Multiple authentication failures detected"
fi
# Check for unusual job patterns
RUNNING_JOBS=$(rnx job list --json | jq '[.[] | select(.status == "RUNNING")] | length')
if [ $RUNNING_JOBS -gt 50 ]; then
echo "ALERT: Unusual number of running jobs: $RUNNING_JOBS"
fi
# Check for resource exhaustion
CPU_USAGE=$(rnx monitor status --json | jq .cpu_usage)
if [ $(echo "$CPU_USAGE > 95" | bc) -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ALERT: High CPU usage: $CPU_USAGE%"
fi
EOF
# Schedule monitoring
echo "*/5 * * * * /opt/joblet/scripts/security_monitor.sh" | sudo crontab -
Illustrative / aspirational - NOT currently supported. The keys below (
security.audit.*,access_control.require_mfa,session_timeout,logging.immutable_logs,log_integrity_check) are not implemented in Joblet and setting them has no effect. They are shown only to sketch the controls a SOC 2 program typically expects; implement them at the host/platform layer (external audit log shipping, MFA on the operator’s access path, immutable log storage). RBAC and mTLS, which Joblet does enforce, are covered above.
# Aspirational sketch - these keys are NOT read by Joblet
security:
audit:
enabled: true
log_all_operations: true
retention_days: 2555 # 7 years
access_control:
require_mfa: true
session_timeout: "8h"
logging:
immutable_logs: true
log_integrity_check: true
# HIPAA-compliant setup
# 1. Encrypted storage
rnx volume create phi-data --size=100GB --type=filesystem
# 2. Encrypted transit (already provided by mTLS)
# 3. Access logging
# (Already provided by audit logging)
# 4. Data minimization
rnx job run --network=none --volume=phi-data \
python anonymize_phi.py
# 5. Secure disposal
rnx volume remove phi-data # Secure deletion
# PCI DSS network segmentation
rnx network create pci-zone --cidr=10.100.0.0/24
# Restricted processing environment
rnx job run \
--network=pci-zone \
--volume=pci-secure \
--max-memory=2048 \
--env=PCI_MODE=true \
python process_payments.py
# Automated threat detection
cat > threat_detection.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
# Detect privilege escalation attempts
if grep -q "setuid\|sudo\|su " /var/log/joblet/audit.log; then
echo "THREAT: Privilege escalation attempt detected"
fi
# Detect network scanning
if rnx job list --json | jq '.[] | select(.command | contains("nmap"))' | grep -q .; then
echo "THREAT: Network scanning detected"
fi
# Detect data exfiltration patterns
if rnx job list --json | jq '.[] | select(.command | contains("curl") and .max_iobps == 0)' | grep -q .; then
echo "THREAT: Potential data exfiltration (unlimited bandwidth)"
fi
EOF
# 1. Immediate response
# Stop suspicious jobs
rnx job list --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.status == "RUNNING" and (.command | contains("suspicious"))) | .id' | xargs rnx job stop
# 2. Isolate affected networks
rnx network delete compromised-network
# 3. Preserve evidence
sudo cp -r /var/log/joblet/ /var/incident-evidence/$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)
# 4. Reset certificates
sudo /usr/local/bin/certs_gen_embedded.sh
sudo systemctl restart joblet
# 5. Audit all access
sudo grep "auth_success" /var/log/joblet/audit.log | tail -1000
--network=none when possible